Acid Rain What Is It and How Can You Prevent It

Acid rain is a serious environmental problem occurring all over the world, particularly in large swaths of the United States and Canada. As the name suggests, it indicates precipitation that is more acidic than normal. It is harmful not only to lakes, streams, and ponds in an area but also to the plants and animals that live within the given ecosystem. Is it just harmful to the environment, or can acid rain kill you? Here is what you need to know about acid rain including why it occurs and what you can do to prevent it. Definition Acid rain precipitation that forms when acids—typically nitric acid and sulfuric acid—are released from the atmosphere into precipitation. This causes precipitation with pH levels that are lower than normal. Acid rain is predominantly caused by humans impact on the planet, but there are some natural sources as well. The term acid rain  is also somewhat misleading. Nitric and sulfuric acid can be transported to the Earth from rain but also via snow, sleet, hail, fog, mist, clouds, and dust clouds.   Causes Acid rain is caused by both human and natural sources. Natural causes include volcanoes, lightning and decaying plant and animal matter. In the United States, fossil-fuel combustion is the primary cause of acid rain. Burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas releases about two-thirds of all of the sulfuric dioxide and one-quarter of all of the nitrous oxide that is found in our air. Acid rain forms when these chemical pollutants react with the oxygen and water vapor in the air to form nitric acid and sulfuric acid. These acids can combine with precipitation directly over their source. But more often than not, they follow the prevailing winds and blow hundreds of miles away before they return to the surface via acid rain. Effects When acid rain falls upon an ecosystem, it affects the water supply as well as the plants and animals in that area. In aquatic ecosystems, acid rain can harm fish, insects and other aquatic animals. Lowered pH levels can kill many adult fish, and most fish eggs will not hatch when the pH drops below normal. This drastically alters the biodiversity, food webs and overall health of the aquatic environment. That affects many animals outside of the water, too. When fish die, there is no more food for birds such as ospreys and eagles. When birds eat fish that have been damaged by acid rain, they too can become poisoned. Acid rain has been linked to thinner eggshells in many bird species such as warblers and other songbirds. Thinner shells mean that fewer chicks will hatch and survive. Acid rain has also been found to damage frogs, toads and reptiles in aquatic ecosystems.   Acid rain can be equally damaging to land-based ecosystems. For starters, it drastically changes the chemistry of the soil, lowering the pH and creating an environment where essential nutrients are leached away from the plants that need them. Plants are also directly damaged when acid rain falls on their leaves.   According to the Environmental Protection Agency, Acid rain has been implicated in forest and soil degradation in many areas of the eastern U.S., particularly high elevation forests of the Appalachian Mountains from Maine to Georgia that include areas such as the Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountain National Parks. Prevention The best way to reduce the incidences of acid rain is to limit the amount of sulfuric dioxide and nitrous oxide that are released into the atmosphere. Since 1990, the Environmental Protection Agency has required companies that emit these two chemicals (namely, companies that burn fossil fuels for the production of electricity,) to make major reductions in their emissions.   The EPAs Acid Rain Program was phased in from 1990 to 2010 with  the final sulfuric dioxide  cap set at 8.95 million tons for 2010. This is about one-half of the emissions that were emitted from the power sector in 1980.   What Can You Do To Prevent Acid Rain? Acid rain may feel like a huge problem, but there are actually many things that you can do as an individual to help prevent it. Any step you can take to conserve energy will reduce the amounts of fossil fuels that are burned to produce that energy, thereby reducing the formation of acid rain. How can you conserve energy? Purchase energy-saving appliances; carpool, use public transportation, walk, or bike whenever possible; keep your thermostat low in the winter and high in the summer; insulate your house; and turn off lights, computers, and appliances when youre not using them.

Business Ethics - 1989 Words

S Question 1 | | 0.5 / 0.5 points | Doing more with less has been an environmental guideline for decades. This version of the first principle is sometimes called: Question options: | biomimicry. | | cradle-to-grave. | | cradle-to-cradle. | | eco- efficiency. | Hide Feedback | | | Three general principles will guide the move towards sustainability. Firms and industries must become more efficient in using natural resources; they should model their entire production process on biological processes; and they should emphasize the production of services rather than products. Versions of the first principle, sometimes called eco- efficiency, have long been a part of the environmental movement. Doing more with less has†¦show more content†¦| | the economy is a subsystem within earth s biosphere. | | resources are infinite. | | efficient markets need to be stabilized to ensure higher economic returns. | Hide Feedback | | | Daly argues that neoclassical economics, with its emphasis on economic growth as the goal of economic policy, will inevitably fail to meet these challenges unless it recognizes that the economy is but a subsystem within ea rth s biosphere. | Question 7 | | 0.5 / 0.5 points | Which of the following statements is not a problem faced by the regulatory approach to environmental challenges? Question options: | It underestimates the influence that business can have in establishing the law. | | This approach underestimates the ability of business to influence consumer choice. | | It established standards that effectively shifted the burden from those threatened with harm to those who would cause the harm. | | If we rely on the law to protect the environment, environmental protection will extend only as far as the law extends. | Hide Feedback | | | The environmental regulation enacted during the 1970s established standards that effectively shifted the burden from those threatened with harm to those who would cause the harm. This is not a problem associated with the regulatory approach but one of the changes that occurred after it was enacted. | Question 8 | | 0.5 / 0.5Show MoreRelatedBusiness Ethics : Ethics And Business943 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussions in Business is Ethics. 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According to Milton Friedman, a company has the responsibility to generate as much revenue as it can while still conforming to the basic rules that society has set. These rules include the ones embodied in customs as well as in law. Similarly, Peter Drucker stated that

Use of Real Options Theory in Financial Management/Modeling Free Essays

At a previous employment environment, the president of the corporation acted on a whim, rather than, conducting a series of testing for his expansion to go into other businesses ventures. Within a few short months, the plan was abandoned for lack of profitability. As an employee, I thought of this as a failure on the owner’s part. We will write a custom essay sample on Use of Real Options Theory in Financial Management/Modeling or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the Real Options Theory is basically, weighing the outcome for expansion or acquisition utilizing capital investments for future ventures. Consider Real Option theory as a method to remove some of the risk in capital investments. Helpful assistance and decision making can be derived using such charts as the Decision Tree. The decision can be extremely tiresome. Use of Real Options Theory in Financial Management/Modeling Long past are the days, where a company can sit idling waiting for an idea, because while waiting someone else is making the move. The benefits that an older company may experience through experience may not fit into today’s society of technological changes. However, the risk of a company that has existed over 50 years, can they lose to new companies that evolve because of revolutionary changes in the ability to change the course of history. Creating valuable service for consumers and bringing a product or service to market, must be planned to meet the expectations of stockholder profits. Consider the comparison of social networking sites, Myspace and Facebook. Both are considered to be rapidly growing and competitive to increasing in membership. However, rapidly increase the popularity of Facebook and exceeded the expectations within the social network environment. The billion dollar corporation enters the market with more appeal to younger consumer, as well as a variety of other industries. Facebook provided more appeal by allowing the markets to meet the consumer where they were located, rather than wait on the consumer to come to them. As financial managers in the corporate environment decide which project is beneficial to stock holders’, returns on investment, and which should be abandoned or expanded, risk can become a certainty in the outcome. The risk of capital investment in the attempt to take on future debts just because they have a hunch that the business will be a success. The amount of time to construct a business model would save enormous amounts of money before taking on the future project. Gathering data of the competitive market and using past financial accounting statements will be useful, however, with new projects, there will be limitations, but estimation of the percentage values can be constructed. Strategic budgeting and capital investment planning decisions to expand into the future profitability of a company can be agonizing if not properly planned by financial managers. The assets, in addition to capital and distribution, change over long periods of time according to the supply and demand of the consumer markets. The net present value (NPV) of what is available, as far as Return on Assets and the Return on Investment (ROI). Cost projection into buying new equipment, inventory over the long run rather than a short period. Capital resources and budgets are the topics as it relates to using the Real Options Theory in Financial Management Modeling. Financial managers can utilize the Real Options Theory as a series of practical solutions to foresee into the future over several years. New products and the amount of capital to invest as well as the funding needed to make an expansion or either to realize that the project would not work. Theoretically, it is very simple and that many companies would utilize this theory. However, the recap or history of business failures is not seen in the futility of business success. The numbers may not lie. All systems may say go full steam ahead with the plans for expansion; however, there is a business cycle which will prove the business model incorrect. According to Rothbard, (2005), expectation in business fluctuations all the time. There is no need for any special â€Å"cycle theory† to account for them. It is simply the results of changes in economic data and is fully explained by economic theory. Many economists, however, attribute general business depression to â€Å"weaknesses† caused by a â€Å"depression in building† or a â€Å"farm depression. † But declines in specific industries can never ignite a general depression. Shifts in data will cause increases in activity in one field, declines in another. There is nothing here to account for a general business depression — a phenomenon of the true â€Å"business cycle. † It is pointless to say, as many people do, that a farm depression will ignite a general depression, because farmers will buy less goods, the people in industries selling to farmers will buy less, etc. This ignores the fact that people producing the other goods now favored by consumers will prosper; their demands will increase. (2005, pp. 6) Both the entrepreneur and large corporations have ideas to expand into new market. The main goal is company profits, either with or without expansion. Business expansion into other industries or international territories with current business. However great the idea may seem at the Real Options application of theory will conclude how fallible an idea with be in implementation. Payback period, cash flows and internal rate of return, as well as long term debt financing are the foundation of provision for utilizing the real options theory. Major growth will not derive from duplication of products that are already in the market place, but to begin with creating superior quality and improvements. Such as Facebook found a better way for people to communicate over the internet. Before Myspace, there were such things as electronic mail. Facebook, the ability to socialize as well as form groups, and fan pages begin with meager begins on a college campus. However, did the owner plan for this growth or was it happenstance. How does the work into the corporate structure for a welding company or maybe a warehouse which manufactures auto parts? Examining the stream of information within the forums, research and development addressed. According to Ketchen et al, (2007), â€Å"entrepreneurship refers to firms’ pursuit of superior performance via simultaneous opportunity-seeking and advantage-seeking activities. Both small and large firms face impediments while pursuing strategic entrepreneurship† (2007, p. 71)In other words, rather an entrepreneur or fortune 500 company, Real Options Theory, should be the focus to starting a new business, taking on expansion or abandoning projects. The only difference will be in the amount of capital investments. Kretchen et al, continues to state, Ketchen, et al, (2007), While small firms’ opportunity-seeking skills may be strong, their limited knowledge stocks and lack of market power inhibit their ability to enact the competitive advantages necessary to an appropriate value from opportunities the firms choose to pursue. In contrast, large firms are skilled at establishing ompetitive advantages, but their heavy emphasis on the efficiency of their existing businesses often undermines their ability to continuously explore for additional opportunities. (2007, p. 371) There are many three components in which company financial manager should be interested in the expected return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and debt ratio. Finally, another method of expansion can be with the acquisition of new business that is in operation. As stated by Stefano, Reality is that buyers must have capital available to be competitive in acquisition negotiations. Accumulating capital may be as simple as retaining earnings in the agency instead of distributing those earnings, which is the equivalent of creating a war chest. The other option is to have a line of credit available from a financial institution. Banks are much more willing to offer financing for acquisitions than in years past. Today many banks are in the insurance business and got there through acquisitions. Insurers are also very supportive of the acquisition process and will uncover acquisition prospects because they like to see their successful agencies growing. Stefano, 2005) As explained by Childs et al, (Sep. , 1998), summarizes several calculation in deductive and calculated reasoning for financial managerial modeling and utilizing the Real Options Theory. They state, â€Å"consider a firm that has the opportunity to invest in two projects (a and b). Investment in each project takes place in two stages: The firm can invest in C1 R (I = a, b) to develop a project, which res olves uncertainty regarding the project’s future profitability; it can then make a further investment of K1, (i= a, b) to implement a project. 1998, p. 308). It is clearly mentions by Childs et al, the â€Å"NPV framework for making capital investment decisions has been extended to recognize the dynamic nature of investment decisions† (Childs, p. 305) According to Miller who goes into greater details of the formulation of providing computations to make a decision, it basically states if one project NPV is greater than 0, then it would be wise to invest in the project or product. Screenshot, (2005, p. 7) Summary Companies can no longer hesitate to make a business decision. However, ecisions that are not planned out utilizing capital assets can also cause undue hardship. It is no longer the large Fortune 500 companies designing the most innovative products and services, but also it can be the small entrepreneur with a grand idea. The markets no longer persuaded by familiar names, but can be mesmerized by new names such as Facebook. Methodology and theoretical planning and measurements can be experimenting with resourceful application s as Real Options Theory. By carefully measuring the logistics of one or more projects and committing or abandoning them all. How to cite Use of Real Options Theory in Financial Management/Modeling, Papers

Drywood limited Liability Company Constitution

Questions: 1. Register a Proprietary Limited CO.You should refer to Section 117 of the Corp. Act, complete an APPLICATION FORM and and prepare all relevant consents NB section 117(2).You must also create a share register NB sections 167, 168 and 169. 2. Research then explain the reason and justification for the following sections of the corp act :- section 124; section 129(1) and section 588m(3). Your analysis of each section is worth 5% .word limit -aprox 200 words per section. Answer:s (1). Liability Company Constitution Statute, Title Name, Duration and Purpose of Article One Name. The legal person is called INTERCONLIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY can also be called by the short name ILLC .The objective of the company is to engage in the wider and general import and export of all goods related to medical, dental, pharmaceutical and other activities. (Constitution and by-laws of the South Church bridge.( Rural Telephone Company Limited, i.e.). Company Consent The consent form is both the directors and shareholders consent form. The companys final step is to take the incorporation process when submitting the directors and the shareholders forms of consent. The shareholders consent form may be signed by one of the shareholders to represent the general class of the shareholders. Holder assumes the quality of the establishment of the company and the factors affecting the right decisions must be recorded in the book of legalized acts in accordance to Article 40 of Decree Law number 21621. Items to be considered in consent letter b) Provide for the application of benefits by observing the provisions of decree c) Decide on the formation of reserves faculty d) Appoint and replace managers and liquidators; e) Provide investigations, audits and balances ; f) Amendment of the Statute; g) Increase or decrease the capital; h) Change in the name, subject and address of the company; i) Transform, merge, spin off, dissolve and liquidate the company; j) Decide on all other matters requiring the interest of the company B) INTERNAL MANAGEMENT: Management is the organ responsible for the administration of the company. Internal Management is formed by the following: - The General Manager, Owner or Manager, if the General Manager is occupied by the Holder; - The Sub Manager; - The Regional Managers; - Managers are individuals with the capacity to contract design and hire the Contractor (Dine and Koutsias, 2007). The first General Manager by operation of the law is stated in the primary transitional provision of these minutes .The term of office of management is indeterminate. The Contractor shall determine the remuneration amount of use. Share register including a class of redeemable preference shares A share register contains the following items, the specific allotment date or share issue date, the number of given class of shares, each share numbers allotted, share certificate and whether or not they are fully paid up, unpaid and the amount of money paid. In this case, the shares allotted are 1,000,000 shares. The class is fully paid ordinary shares with redeemable preferential snares making 10% of the total number of shares. The date of allotment is the establishment day of the company which is 12/05/2016. (Hannigan, 2009). (2). Sec 124 of Corp Act This section gives the right to accompany the legal capacity as an ordinary individual of the country of Australia and includes the right to make any agreement. It is reinforced by article 125 which states that performance of an agreement shall not be deemed invalid only because it supersedes the constitutional power of the company. Sec 129 It states that assumptions which can be made in presiding sec 128 is that replaceable rules and guidelines together with the constitution have complied with any person holding office of the director, chairman or company secretary, any other officer or agent in conducting performance duties which are proper. Guide on documents duly executed with or without a company seal. Sec 588M It gives guidelines on insolvent trading relating to recovery of compensation from the loss. The directors of the company can incur a debt acquired by the company and can be sued by the creditors for the same. The company can finally be wound up due to insolvency. It futher continues to say that whether the director has been charged or not for the offence, a civil suit can be instituted for recovery from him. References Constitution and bylaws of the South Churchbridge Rural Telephone Company Limited.(n.d.). [Saltcoats, Sask.?]: [The Company]. Dignam, A. and Lowry, J. (2009).Company law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dine, J. and Koutsias, M. (2007).Company law. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Hannigan, B. (2009).Company law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lettau, M., Ludvigson, S. and Ma, S. (n.d.).Capital share risk and shareholder heterogeneity in U.S. stock pricing. Mutuals' Redeemable and Deferred Shares Bill [HL]. (n.d.). .