Catcher In The Rye Essays (618 words) - Literary Realism

Catcher In The Rye In chapter two, Holden reveals some of his most important traits through his interaction with Mr. Spencer. In this scene, it is the first time you see Holden communicating with someone, but even in the beginning, he is apathetic the lesson Mr. Spencer is trying to teach him. However, although he looks at someone like Mr. Spencer negatively, he justifies his or her imperfections and keeps from disliking someone too strongly. Unfortunately, Holden does the same to himself as he does to others. He cannot decide who he is and it reveals itself when he cannot relate others. Communicating is Holden's major flaw and Mr. Spencer points it out. In the scene with Mr. Spencer Holden said that he thinks about old Spencer a lot. Holden looks down on old Spencer because he views Spencer as living a sorry existence. He mentions that Spencer spends most of his time sick in bed and is so useless that he needs someone to pick up his chalk when he drops it. He explains that he does not know why old Spencer is even living. Holden says, "I just mean that I used to think about old Spencer a lot, and if you thought about him too much, you wondered what the heck he was still living for." Holden looked negatively upon Spencer, but as Holden does frequently later in the book, Holden justifies old Spencer's life. "That's awful in my opinion. But if you thought about him just enough and not too much, you could figure out that he wasn't too bad for himself." Holden therefore looks at both the negative and positive sides of a person. He does the same to sally. He repeats that "she's phony as hell" and gives him a "pain in the ass" but he tells her that she is the only reason he stays in New York. He wanted her to run off to the forest with him. Holden also dislikes the way that Luce is such a big hot shot, but he never hates him because Holden thinks he is one of the few people with whom he can speak intellectually. As soon as Holden becomes angry with someone, he looks at his or her human side and tempers his opinion about them. Regrettably, Holden does the same to himself. It keeps him from deciding many things about him. Consequently, Holden feels that cannot relate with anyone, which breaks the basic structure of communication. He tries to communicate. He invites Sunny up to his room mostly because he was lonely and longs to talk. Frequently, Holden fails when he makes the effort to connect. Instead, he tells Sunny that he just had an operation. He makes up lies. He lies to almost every one on his journey. Including Mrs. Morrow, Sunny, and Sally. He never even gets in touch with Jane. Holden lies to old Spencer and tells him that he is going to change, which at that point was a lie. This aspect of himself further alienates him from society. Holden's problem with communication is additionally addressed when Mr. Spencer asks Holden if he had communicated with his parents. Holden never gets in touch with his parent throughout the whole story. Not even to his mother whom he respects. This scene is a mark importance because it is the first time you see Holden interacting with someone. In it, Salinger introduces Holden's character, and includes main themes like Holden's battle with phonies. He does not connect with Spencer because he says he is a pathetic phony. Subconsciously, Holden cannot relate to anyone although he may not realize it. He lies to almost everyone he meets and it has devastating effects. He feels isolated. He feels alone in the world with no one he can talk to. He withdraws himself from society. Holden needs to belong, because to belong is one of man's most satisfying feelings and without it, any person will feel lost.

Free Essays on The Education Of Odysseus And Gilgamesh

The Education of Odysseus and Gilgamesh Odysseus and Gilgamesh are both characters in epics who become heroes through the challenges they face on their respective journeys. During each character’s journey he learns the qualities that a good leader and hero must possess. They both start off as flawed men and leaders- and the tests they face on their journeys teach them to overcome their flaws and become better leaders as well as heroes. A true leader must be comfortable in his solitude and able to act alone. In each epic both characters are in situations where they are both isolated and feel overwhelmingly lonely. Gilgamesh encounters loneliness more than once throughout the epic. In the beginning, he is so lonely that he acts as a tyrant, ignores his duties as a king and pursues young children and maidens throughout his kingdom in a quest for companionship. Later on Gilgamesh becomes lonely again after the death of Enkidu which sets him off into deep depression and he feels as though he has no purpose for living any longer. Odysseus, on the other hand, is stuck on an island with Calypso for seven years with almost no hope of returning home. He longs to return home to his wife and son, but he has no ship and no crew to help him get there. Both Odysseus and Gilgamesh are able to overcome this unbearable loneliness with help from their gods. To keep Gilgamesh out of trouble and less lonely, the gods Anu and Aruru create Enkidu as a rival for Gilgamesh. Enkidu is Gilgamesh’s match and equal in terms of mind and strength and after a brief initial battle, the two become good friends right away. However, Enkidu proves to be only a temporary fix to Gilgamesh’s loneliness and when he dies Gilgamesh is miserable once again. But Enkidu’s death is the event that ultimately sends Gilgamesh on his quest for immortality. And at the end of the epic when Gilgamesh comes back to his homeland, he realizes that it isn’t the en... Free Essays on The Education Of Odysseus And Gilgamesh Free Essays on The Education Of Odysseus And Gilgamesh The Education of Odysseus and Gilgamesh Odysseus and Gilgamesh are both characters in epics who become heroes through the challenges they face on their respective journeys. During each character’s journey he learns the qualities that a good leader and hero must possess. They both start off as flawed men and leaders- and the tests they face on their journeys teach them to overcome their flaws and become better leaders as well as heroes. A true leader must be comfortable in his solitude and able to act alone. In each epic both characters are in situations where they are both isolated and feel overwhelmingly lonely. Gilgamesh encounters loneliness more than once throughout the epic. In the beginning, he is so lonely that he acts as a tyrant, ignores his duties as a king and pursues young children and maidens throughout his kingdom in a quest for companionship. Later on Gilgamesh becomes lonely again after the death of Enkidu which sets him off into deep depression and he feels as though he has no purpose for living any longer. Odysseus, on the other hand, is stuck on an island with Calypso for seven years with almost no hope of returning home. He longs to return home to his wife and son, but he has no ship and no crew to help him get there. Both Odysseus and Gilgamesh are able to overcome this unbearable loneliness with help from their gods. To keep Gilgamesh out of trouble and less lonely, the gods Anu and Aruru create Enkidu as a rival for Gilgamesh. Enkidu is Gilgamesh’s match and equal in terms of mind and strength and after a brief initial battle, the two become good friends right away. However, Enkidu proves to be only a temporary fix to Gilgamesh’s loneliness and when he dies Gilgamesh is miserable once again. But Enkidu’s death is the event that ultimately sends Gilgamesh on his quest for immortality. And at the end of the epic when Gilgamesh comes back to his homeland, he realizes that it isn’t the en...

MGMT 4500 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGMT 4500 - Essay Example Collaboration with other organizations such as Warner Bros contributes to the success of the organization. It enhances its stature in the market, and contributes to the acquisition of the market share. The ability of the organization to re-organize its negotiations with other entities contributes to the success of contracts. However, the organization needs to be keen with the intention of addressing emerging challenges. Executive bonus compensation plans target individuals with high ranks at the organization. This means that it becomes increasingly difficult to address the organizational needs as a whole. These bonuses may trickle down to the common worker though the percentage significantly reduces. Consequently, it is crucial to embrace corrective measures and harmonize such bonuses amidst the employees. It is equally crucial to reduce executive control on the financial processes especially bonuses because they affect the motivational levels of other employees. The executive bonus plans should focus on people, strategy, as well as operations within an organization. It should not focus on individuals or personalities rather than the goals of the entity (Katsioloudes

The Historical Influences in the Architectural Design of the Essay

The Historical Influences in the Architectural Design of the Westminster Abbey - Essay Example The exterior is as much remarkable as its interior. The dominant gothic architectural design - its towering pillars, towers and stained glass, takes its patrons and visitors back to the English medieval times. The prestige of Westminster Abbey’s architectural design cannot be separated from the historical events that moulded it to its present reputation. From the its foundation as an abbey by King Edward the Confessor in 1052 to its glory days as a gothic church under the initiative of King Henry III in 1245, Westminster Abbey owes its existence to the religious passion of its patrons. Given the context, this paper focuses on the historical events that led to the key developments of what is the Westminster Abbey today. By expounding on the topic, a historical methodology could not only give light to the origins of the church, but it could also relate historical context with architectural design and style. This paper is thus intended to explain Westminster Abbey’s rich a rchitectural history. The utilization of secondary sources such as books and journal articles, together with ample photo documentation, are used in order to accomplish this paper’s purpose. ... It then tackles the entrance of the 12th century and the important contributions of King Henry III to the creation of a magnificent gothic church at England’s capital. The second portion deals with the church’s architecture. An analysis of the exterior and interior aspects of Westminster Abbey is conducted by streamlining the various designs and styles, which produced the outcome. Such analysis is then related to the historical context of the church’s formative years in order to produce a conclusive account of architectural history. The Abbey in its Formative Years in the 11th and 12th Century The 11th century was included in the 3-century span of the Central Middle Ages, from 1000-1300, where the disintegration of the strong Roman Empire was realized in the Early Middle Ages. During that century, a direct by-product of the previous years caused the apparent struggle between the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy in Rome, not to mention the autonomy instituted by t he Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (Bennett and Hollister, xv & 266). On a political standpoint, it was clear that religious strife that would establish dominance over Europe was as important as the clash of kingdoms and empires. As religious monarchy flourished in the name of the propagation of a certain religious denomination, independent nation states began to emerge as well. England was well underway in line with a monarchical leadership. The sacred monarchy carried by religious kingdoms in the Early Middle Ages evolved into a bureaucratic monarchy in the Central Middle Ages. Royal administration with a systematic distribution of powers was the one that England had adopted in the 11th century (Bennett and Hollister, 266). Though a secular state, the influence of the church

Determination of Mercury content in Canned Tuna brands using Literature review

Determination of Mercury content in Canned Tuna brands using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and use Isoto - Literature review Example The relative lethal nature of mercury is dependent on its chemical form, methyl mercury as one of the substances existing in the environment. Additionally, this chemical form of mercury is also toxic due to its high liposolubility. However, all the forms of mercury released in the ecosystem undergo biogeochemical transformation processes hence converted to methyl mercury. The main exposure of mono methyl mercury to humans is consumption of fish. Mono methyl mercury (MMHg) represents the major type of mercury in fish. This is because it has the capability of biomagnification in the food chains within the marine. Organomercury compounds may also find their way into the environment from both anthropogenic sources and from production by natural in situ biogenic modifications. Exposure to mercury leads to a variety of signs and symptoms including dizziness, allergy, vomiting and muscular weakness. Furthermore, its toxicity elicits impaired hearing and vision as well as depressed immune sy stem. Eventually, its accumulation within the body leads to brain damage which consequently may lead to death. As it is the case with most anthropogenic, mercury finds its way into the aquatic environment in its inorganic form. Chlor-alkali industry is one of the major pollution source and gateway for mercury (Gao et al.). Consequently, monitoring of the mercury levels within the environment is not enough. Therefore, speciation analysis provides critical in useful information in the assessment of toxicity and health risks of mercury. Furthermore, such analysis helps in understanding the biogeochemical cycling of mercury compounds. As a result, enormous and concerted efforts have been made in developing reliable methods for mercury determination and speciation analysis in biological and fish samples. This review articulates with emphasis special attention to clean sample preparation, good storage sample procedures and performance of the different techniques (Lee et al). Mass spectrom etry (MS) can be considered as one of the most important analytical techniques in the analysis of element concentration. It is a method that has also been employed for isotope analysis, surface characterization and structural examination of bioinorganic compounds. In an attempt to understand metabolic pathways of toxic and toxicology in general, strategies have been developed. These novel approaches are important in obtaining qualitative and quantitative information regarding the elements, element species and their interactions. A variety of methods for determination of mercury have been well captured and elaborated in literature. The cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV AAS) has been the most preferred method in the analysis of mercury especially in foodstuffs. This is because the method has an efficient speed in addition to its simplicity. Moreover, this technique possesses relative freedom from obstructions and also has low operational costs as well as high sensitivity. The high sensitivity is very evident when mercury vapor is pre-concentrated on an amalgamation comprising gold element. Another variant of atomic absorption spectrometry is the graphite furnace technique, commonly abbreviated as GF AAS. This method allows for direct determination of many metals at trace and ultra trace levels in solid samples. Advantages of this technique include high sample throughput and low sample requirement in terms of the sample mass for analysis. In

Ferrari Marketing Analysis

Ferrari Marketing Analysis Jump to:   Ferraris Marketing Strategies | Product Life Cycle of Ferrari | SWOT Analysis of Ferrari | Porters 5 Forces Introduction Ferrari history Ferrari is a manufacturer of Italian sports cars, and is based in Maranello, Italy. It was founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1929, and was originally named Scuderia Ferrari. When Enzo was ten year old, his father had taken him and his brother to watch motor racing circuit. Enzo was completely motivated by this action. In 1918 Enzo works as a test driver for a small company in Turin. In 1919 Enzo works for C.M.N in Milan, Initially as a test driver and later on as a racing driver. In 1920 Enzo finishes second in the Targo Florio. This lead the gateway for a 20 year collaboration with marquee that saw Ferrari do test driving to racing, and finally appointed head of racing division for Alfa Corse. Ferrari opens Auto Avio Costruzioni on Viale Trento Trieste in Modena. On September 13th, at the same headquarters of the old Scuderia Ferrari, Fiat platform Auto Avio Costruzioni builds 2 versions of Ferrari 815 in the year 1940. The factory was bombed in the world war on November 4th 1944, but they managed to rebuilt it quickly. Ferrari had an ambitious plan to build a V12 engine, and thus started designing the first Ferrari in 1945. Scuderia Ferrari sponsored drivers and manufactured race cars, but in 1946, it moved into the production of street legal vehicles, as Ferrari. In 1956 Ferrari turns into a Limited Liability Company. The professional industry and artisanship training institute was built in Maranello, which provides the company with special technicians even till today. In 1965 Ferrari signs an agreement with Fiat Group giving 50% of its share in the company to Fiat group in order to grow into a powerful company. Through the years, Ferrari has been celebrated for its unceasing contributions in the field of racing, specifically in Formula One, where it has been considerably successful. As on the writing of this assignment, Fiat owns 56% of Ferrari, Mediobanca owns 15%, Commerzbank AG owns 10%, Lehman Brothers Owns 7%, and Enzos son Piero Ferrari owns 10%. Vision and Mission of Ferrari Ferraris vision and mission has remained the same for years: To build unique sports cars that are suppose to bring out the excellence of Italian cars on the roads and on the racing circuits. Market Orientation Market orientation defines an organization that understands customer needs and their importance, focusing on providing products that are of high value to their customers, and marketing the products and services across all departments using a coordinated holistic program in marketing concept, taking into consideration Customer is King. Market orientation mainly focuses on: Understanding customers needs Competitors abilities and continuously collecting information about them. Sharing of information across various departments. Creating customer value using above mentioned information. The following table identifies and describes the marketing orientations Orientation Profit driven Western European Timeframe Characteristics Production Methods of production Until the 1950s The improving production and distribution, to achieve a reduction in cost and improved efficiency. Product Product quality Until the 1960s Products quality is paramount main Focus is on product not customers needs Selling Methods of selling 1950s and 1960s Effective selling and promotion are the major drivers to success. Marketing Needs and wants of customers 1970s to present day providing goods and services that are sure to satisfy the needs and wants of customers or end users. Further approaches include Relationship marketing and Societal marketing Relationship marketing Building and keeping good customer relation 1980s to present day Main focus is placed on the whole relationship between the suppliers and customers. The basic aim is to give good or best possible attention, customer services and build customer loyalty. Societal marketing Benefit to society 1990s to present day It has similar characteristics as marketing orientation but with the added condition that there will be limitations on any harmful activities to society, in product, production, or selling methods and procedures. Customers needs keeps changing over time to time. Ferrari has persuaded their customers to buy their product because of its style, speed, luxury, and elegance. Then, as soon as a company brings out a car that is a better match for Ferrari, They might drop Ferrari in favour for that car. But interestingly Ferrari has always managed to develop cars that reflects their customers needs and they may not switch so readily. And Ferrari has managed to do this for the past several decades, and till today. Ferrari has always focussed on their competitors and their customers by continues improvement in performance of their products and services. Ferraris success can be scaled only with respect to product or brand value. It is not done based on sales and revenues. Neither is it done based in terms of market capitalization, because no initial public stock offering was done by Ferrari. It is said that the Ferrari brand is worth more than Google brand, the Apple brand, BMW, Mercedes, or any other brand in the world. Yet, Ferrari never spends any money in advertisement. Marketing Concepts: Ferrari is a Product oriented company Ferrari produces excellent, well designed, quality products which are great value for money. Customers are sure to want our products. Thats the kind of approach Ferrari demands out of it customers. Product orientation occurs where the focus is given to the product rather than to the needs and wants of a customer. In a company like Ferrari they need to concentrate on their products, because over the years Ferrari managed to satisfy its customers through its superiority in quality and performance by delivering speed, style, luxury in their products. Relationship marketing of Ferrari Ferrari has always managed to Build and keep good relationship with their customers, by providing value for the customers money. Ferraris focus is on the whole relationship between suppliers and customers. Ferraris aim is to provide the best possible attention, Customer services to their customers by providing quality and increased performance in their products and services, and therefore build customer loyalty. Societal marketing of Ferrari This concept is based on social responsibility or societys long term interests. It explains an organisations task is not only to provide customers with quality products, but also to do that in a way that preserves, protects, and improves the societys well-being. In the 21st century, people are more aware of the sensitive issues than the earlier generation, such as health issues, global warming, shortage of resources etc. Ferrari has adopted this marketing philosophy to get the attention of the customers, The organisation understood the need for bringing out a new car that is eco friendly, thus they introduced the new electric hybrid Ferrari 599, which has a maximum speed of 200mph. The main aim of this car is to cut fuel consumption and pollution with the motive of breathtaking acceleration and performance. Marketing Strategy of Ferrari The success behind the marketing strategy of Ferrari is done by the review of Ferrari and its development through the ages. Enzo Ferrari never went to college or high school, he was just a mechanic at Alfa Romeo, not an engineer either, but his strong passion for racing, speed and engine, made him have his own ideas on engines and cars. Passion has always been the drive of Ferrari. And its the only marketing tool of Ferrari till today. Competitive Advantage Impact of the Organisations Marketing Mix Marketing mix can be defined as the use and specification of the 4ps (place, promotion, price and product) to describe the strategic position of an organisation in a market place. Other 4ps could be included as people, public relations, physical evidence and packaging (Kotler, Philip, lane and Keller: 2005) â€Å"Marketing management Prentice hall The mix represents the â€Å"variety of integrated decisions† which is taken by a company in order to assure the success of the marketing department. Usually, decisions are made in four areas represented by the 4Ps used in marketing mix: product, price, place and promotion. The 4Ps involve issues like brand name, product type, pricing, advertising, retailing and distribution (Business and Management Dictionary 2007). These fundamentals have to be managed effectively by the marketers to top customers needs enhanced than competition this means that decisions concerning the marketing mix forms a major aspect of marketing concept implementation (Jobber 2007), the combination of these elements also helps in influencing the demand and supply of the products and service presented to customers by the company. Product: This is regarded as a very vital element of the marketing mix. It is whatever thing that can be offered to a market which can be noticed, acquired, used or consumed that might gratify a want or need .Physical objects, services, ideas, organizations, persons places may be part. (Kotler et.al. 2005). It also involves the decision of what goods or services that should be offered to a collection of customers (Jobber 2007). The decision for product involves branding, quality, packaging, guarantees. Price: This is the only element of the marketing mix that generates revenue. â€Å"Price is the sum of all values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service.† (Kotler et.al. 2005). Promotion: It involves all the forms of communications used by the marketer at the market place about benefits, added features etc of a product. These are the major components of the promotional mix Advertising, Personal selling, Direct marketing, Internet promotion, Sales Promotion and publicity. Place: It is the mechanism through which goods or services are moved from the manufacturer/service provider to the end user/consumers. The accessibility of a companys product or service at the right quantities in the right (convenient) locations at the times when the customers want to buy them that is the distribution channels to be used and their management (Jobber 2007) According to Ivy (2008) tangible products uses the traditional 4Ps model while the intangible product or services sector on the other hand uses a 7P approach in order to satisfy the needs of the service provided to customers: product, price, place, promotion, people, physical facilities and processes. Product The product is one of the main building blocks of the marketing mix. It is known as the merchandise which provides the consumer with the basic functional requirements. Jobber describes a product as anything that is capable of satisfying customer needs. A product has to be appealing to its customers; therefore, producers need to ensure that their product would meet consumer satisfaction. This section will look at the product strategy of Ferrari Company and analyse a sector of their products using the product life cycle. A Ferrari principal automobile product group includes, 360 spider, 456M GT, 550 Maranello, 550 Barchetta Pininfanna, super -america salon, F430 spider. â€Å"The core element in the marketing mix is the companys product because this provides the functional requirements sought by customers†(Jobber,2007 p326).A well thought out product will provide the company with a good external image as well as customer loyalty which are essential for a companys competitive advantage.(BrassingtonPetitt, 2006:288) further defined a product as â€Å"a physical good idea, person or place that is capable of offering tangible attributes that individuals or organisations regard as so necessary, worthwhile or satisfying that they are prepared to exchange money, patronage or some other unit of value in order to acquire it†. This above definition gives the idea that a product can be classified into tangible or intangible products. The tangible products are the physical goods whilst the intangible are the services that offered for example the Porsche car by Ferrari is the tangible product while the FI car race competition, after sales services are all intangible product to Ferrari. 3. DIAGRAM Product is classified into the following three categories namely the core product, the actual product and the augmented product. The product when benefited, is made valuable by the core product. For example, the core products in the Ferrari automobile is the speed attribute that comes with every Ferrari brand of automobile. This is one of the reasons why people that love fast cars will always prefer a Ferrari brand to any other brand of vehicle. Also Ferrari shows off this benefit to the prospective customers by organizing the car racing competition and also in their various advertising mediums. The tangible physical product is the actual product. This includes the physical automobile itself that comes in every different shapes and sizes. The physical attribute or component of the automobile itself is what is called the actual products. For example the Ferrari automobile F430 spider is an actual product for Ferrari. The non-physical part of the product is the augmented product. For example, warranty and customer service support. This shows the other services or component that comes with the buying of the automobile itself. The replacement part is an example of the augmented products. 4.1.2. Ansoff Matrix Planning for Growth The Ansoff matrix is a tool that helps businesses to strategize on their product and make necessary decisions for their market growth. With the Ansoff matrix, Ferrari would be able to know how the F430 spider automobile is doing in the market place and decide whether or not there is an advantage of entering the market place. The Ansoff matrix is a tool used to generate direction for strategic development for companies. It gives a sense of scope for the companies with regards to marketing of its products, whether to diversify, or to further develop more of its markets. Market penetration: According to Johnson, Scholes Whitington (2008:258) this is the process by which the organisation takes increased share of its existing markets with its existing product range. This will in turn lead to higher bargaining power of the supplier as Ferrari will have a larger market share. Johnson; ScholesWhitington (2008:258) also explain that â€Å"in terms of the five forces increasing market penetration is likely to exacerbate industry rivalry as other competitors in the market defend their share†. For example Jaguar cannot let Ferrari continue to have growth in market share while it sits behind. Ferrari has a % in speed car market while Jaguar has a % in market share in luxury car market. Product development: is where organisations deliver modified or new products to existing markets. Here product development implies greater degrees of innovation. Johnson, ScholesWhitington (2008:261).With the car manufacturing industry there is a continuous need to develop products so as to make sure customers needs are effectively met. For example Ferrari has even committed itself to sponsoring the formula one racing competition yearly to showcase new technology and improvement in diverse innovation. Market development involves offering existing products to new markets. Johnson; ScholesWhitington (2008:261). Ferrari moved over to other international markets like Canada, Mexico and USA. Market development might take three forms, new segments, new users and new geographical location. Johnson, ScholesWhitington describe diversification as a strategy that strictly takes the organisation away from both its existing markets and its existing products, it tends to imply unrelated or conglomerate diversification. Johnson further gives the reason for diversification saying that â€Å"efficiency gains can be made by applying the organisations existing resources or capabilities to new market and product or service†. This in turn will increase market power leading high entry barriers for new entrants. 4.1.3. The Product Life Cycle Every product must have a limited life span. The product life cycle tool allows a company to evaluate its product based on four stages. These stages include the introduction, the growth, the maturity and then the decline. All products must go through these four basic stages; therefore to maintain a good competitive advantage all companies ought to have the product life cycle tool as a basis of analyzing a product as it changes over time and also to be able to know what stage their product falls under a particular time. Price All products and services have a price, just as they have a value. According to Armstrong and Kotler, â€Å"Price is simply the amount of money charged for a product or service†. In a broader context, price is said to be the sum of all the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service. Price is also one of the most flexible elements of the marketing mix in the sense that pricing decisions can be implemented relatively quickly, a tool used by companies to achieve their marketing objectives as well as the only element in the marketing mix that produces revenue. (Armstrong and Kotler, 2006) Price is one of the most significant essentials of the marketing mix because it is a unit source of what the company receives for the product or service that is being sold. Furthermore, Price is the only aspect of marketing mix that creates returns or produces profits. Price can also be defined as the perceived value derived by consumers of a product or service from the purchase of it or the sum of the value that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service (Kotler and Keller 2006). Furthermore, price is a crucial product-positioning fact or that defines the products market, competition and design. The intended price determines what product features can be offered and what production cost can be incurred. There are different strategies that can be used by companies to price various products based on different reasons. Setting prices too high could amount to an abrupt reduction in sales, while setting prices too low could also cause a reduction in profits. The most appropriate strategy depends on how the product is positioned. A product could be positioned as being of premium value with a high price adding to the way it is perceived, individual products could be positioned high or low with consistent pricing across a product range, different strategies could also be appropriate at different stages in the life cycle of a product and charging a fixed price across a range of products could also be an a appropriate strategy. Charging fixed prices makes it easier for a company to predict its income. (www.is4profit.com) Pricing of a product can be determined in different ways, the company must however have decided on its own strategy for the product and this is however a direct function of its target market and market positioning that is past decisions on its market position. The diagram below illustrates the pricing strategies matrix. Price Skimming: This strategy is where a high price is charged because of substantial competitive advantage, the price is firstly made high, which offers an excellent initial cash flow to make up for high development expenses. If its a new product, with a competitive advantage, then consumers would definitely pay a premium to obtain the product offering excellent quality.(Adcock, Dennis 2001:267 ) .According to Kotler (1996), â€Å"the skimming price strategy is a high price which provides a strong margin but risks a depressed sales level†. The Ferrari price skimming strategy is because of its core benefit and to have a niche for itself in the market place. Premium Pricing: A ‘premium strategy uses a high cost, but offers superior product/service in return. (Adcock, Dennis 2001:264)This is used when a significant competitive advantage is present and high price is set because of the exclusivity of the product or service. The exclusivity of the fastest car model by Ferrari contributes to its premium pricing strategy. Economy Pricing: This is also known as no-frills, it is a low price approach where costs of production and promotion costs are kept to the lowest, that is the product or service would be set at its cheapest price. Economy pricing is a deliberate strategy for low costs. However, prior to the product launch, it is vital to decide the position/market share of such product. That position of the product is how it is distinguished in the market. A product that is solely dependent on price is likely to be helpless and prone to that compete purely on price is helpless and prone to attack from more established products. (Adcock, et.al. Dennis 2001:2006). According to our research, Ferrari automobile does not use this pricing strategy. Penetration Pricing: This is when the price for a product or service is firstly set low in other to have a price advantage to gain a large market share for penetration of the market. Once a deep access to the market share is attained, the prices would raise. According to our research, Ferrari automobile does not use this pricing strategy. Versioning/Price discrimination: This strategy charges customers different prices for the same product/service .The company (sellers) segments its customers based on their different attributes and charges each group a different price. This contributes to the various models of automobile designed by Ferrari in order to satisfy the quest of every vrsion of the customer need. (www.AINI.com 2008). Bundle Pricing: This is where the seller combines several of its products and offers the bundle at a reduced price(Kotler.et.al 2006) Geographical Pricing: This strategy is applicable where diverse prices are charged according to locations either different parts of the country or different parts of the world. It involves the modification of the main price list based on the geographical location of the buyer. It usually takes into consideration the transportation costs to different locations. 4.2.1 Recommendations for the Pricing Mix Because of the recent global recession, consumers are not willing to spend on luxury goods to be saturated as many consumers perceive the product as a premium product; Ferrari can therefore produce the different model of automobile that can suit different set of people and also at various ranges of prices for its to compete like other competitor like Toyota, Honda, Ford etc at the marketplace. Place Place can also be referred to as the distribution channel which is used by producer or service provider to reach the indented target market. There is need for producer to make its products available in adequate quantities, in convenient locations and at times when customers want to buy them. It is important that producer need to consider not only the needs of their ultimate customers but also the requirement of channel intermediaries, that is those organizations or agents that facilitate the distribution of product to customers. Establishing an appropriate channel of distribution is critical for marketing success. (Jobber 2007:679). To achieve a fully effective marketing mix the element of place is to be studied, this element can be referred to as distribution. Distribution channels are the links that connect marketing organizations together and are used to transfer products from distributor to end consumer or final markets. DIAGRAM 6:DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS (Jobber, 2007:682) The different types of distribution channels are: Direct channels which link the producer directly to the consumer, Indirect channels which vary in length depending on the number of intermediaries, and Hybrid channels. Direct Channels- This form of links does not always happen in Ferrari sales of cars except when the car is to be built customised for the customer in question. This is a gives a direct relationship between Ferrari and the customer. Intermediaries These can vary from sales representative, agents, merchants, wholesalers, retailers, dealers, distributors and franchisee. Their basic roles involve reaching customers at a lower cost per unit than the supplier can achieve directly. Other responsibilities of intermediaries could include stockholding costs, transport and delivery to final customers, breaking bulk and consolidation of orders, and providing local services such as display or after-sales service. Producers must meet intermediarys needs as well as the final customers needs, in some markets; intermediaries may lead the market and promotional effort. Producers put an effort to keep the end customers aware of their intermediarys locations. Disintermediation: The channels efficiency is improved and the cost is cut down by eliminating some layers of the distribution channel. ‘Among the decisions then to be taken is the important one of how products will reach customers. Unless the channels of distribution are appropriate for the type of product and are efficiently operated., even intrinsically good products can end up as failures . . . it is worth spending a considerable amount of time and effort in evaluating alternative ways of ensuring that the channel eventually selected will make its full contribution to the marketing mix. (Chisnall 1995) Ferrari has been able to improve accessibility to their customer by using intermediaries to retail their products all over the world. This shortens the location and time gap between the actual company and its end users. Ferrari also provides some products that provide specialist services. Intensive, selective and exclusive distribution channels ‘Digital technologies are changing the face of distribution. For example, the Internet has changed the distribution of music and video (downloads). And also ‘Mobile networks permit the distribution of such products as music, video and ringtones. In business-to-business markets customers can place orders, receive quotes and track deliveries over the Internet† (Jobber 2007). Exclusive availability, a consumer characteristic that highlights the interest of the consumer to obtain the product individually with a sense of uniqueness is seen with the ability to customize different cars parts to the taste of the customer. According to Adcock (2001) â€Å"any purchase decision made by a customer can be helped by making the products available where potential buyers can find them† (Adcock et al. 2001). Products may be offered directly to the final customer or through a chain of distributor(s), this is also known as the channel choice. The Internet Dynasty The elements limitations have changed with the introduction of the internet market place, the ability to reach customers on a global scale are what multinational firms aim for, putting all their resources and capabilities to ensure that consumers all over the world are able to get their hands on their products. Though the internet has many negative attributes in the minds of many consumers, it still accounts for a large share of Ferrari product enquiries and sales magnitude. Customers are able to receive the same quality of service and even the additional advantages from the comfort of their home. Promotion Promotion could be defined as a way of communicating or passing across of information about a particular product to the public. The major goal of promotion is to notify the public about the product, the benefit of the product and the use of the product (Jobber 2007). Promotion could be classified into 2 categories: Technical promotion: It involves the use of technical presentation of data on the product or service to attract and persuade the potential customer of its merit by using magazines, researched papers, trade conferences, exhibitions, online adverts e.t.c Consumer promotion: It involves devices that promote the product with developing any fundamental relationship but may be effective where customer loyalty is low or especially when a new product is being introduced (Richard lynch 2006: 174) The main task and challenges of an organisation is to combine both technical and consumer promotions to attract and satisfy customer needs and want respectively (Keller and Kotler 2006: 383). The various modes of promotion include the following; Advertising Ferrari will hold a successful position on both magazine and television advertisements and will focus on: The target market (teenagers, young adults, car racers, young and rich customers etc) The frequency of the target market exposed to the advertisement Time to attain the target market On achieving these, it adds value to their product. This is done by alteration of the consumer perceptions. Below-the-line Promotions Car exhibition shows are availed free to make the customers purchase the product. This is the direct method used by Ferrari. This will allow the individual and prospective customer to have a firsthand feel and knowledge about the products. Television-this is a means of communicating to the public through the use of cable television, that is different television stations. This particular medium composes the majority of the media mix. Internet-the high rate of the internet user around the globe has made Ferrari to use the internet as a means of their advertising. Ferrari has launched a website, developed by AKQA, featuring a virtual test drive of its new California model, which will be launched publicly on 2 October 2009 at the Paris Motor Show. Users can watch videos from last weeks industry launch in Maranello, as well as embark on a virtual test drive using footage from Sony PlayStation game Gran Turismo. Hear, See and Feel areas allow visitors to experience the look and sound of the car (source: www.ferarri.it) Magazines-this is another means of advertising been used by Ferrari, this medium is been used to target a particular class of the public b

Essay: Analysis of Sonnet 95 :: Sonnet essays

Analysis of Sonnet 95 How sweet and lovely dost thou make the shame Which, like a canker in the fragrant rose, Doth spot the beauty of thy budding name! Oh, in what sweets dost thou thy sins enclose! That tongue that tells the story of thy days, Making lascivious comments on thy sport, Cannot dispraise but in a kind of praise. Naming thy name , blesses an ill report. Oh what a mansion have those vices got Which for thy habitation chose out thee, Where beauty's veil doth cover every blot And all things turns to fair that eyes can see! Take heed, dear heart, of this large privelege: The hardest knife ill used doth lose his edge. First Quatrain First of all, spot can mean two things: 'to discover' and also 'to stain'; therefore, the shame that "you" make can both (at the same time) point out the beauty of your name, that is possibly increasing in popularity; also 'to stain' the beauty of "your" name. Knowing this, we must read the poem twice, one for each possible reading (also notice the floral theme in the first stanza as well). Since he describeds "name" as budding, (and the fragrance of a rose as sweet), "in what sweets" can refer to the "name", and then of course, the person themself. Now, question: [first the analogy of canker being the sins; thus, as the canker destroys the rose, this person's sins destroy his name (and remember! only "name" at this point)] which one? Second Quatrain "Naming thy name": naming from the stories that have been told about this person, such as rumors. (For instance, not too far from this example, somebody you have never met, but the name is known by you, is regarded as a whore. Whether this rumor is true or not, this idea will be attached to the person who has this name. Same idea here). Line 8, depending on punctuation, can be read one of two ways (more duality!): if there is not punctuation, only a period, then "blesses" is a verb, "naming" is the action of the tongue; therefore, we can read "Naming thy name blesses and ill report" as 'the tongue that names you (rumors, or puts a background to this "name") gives blessings to "an ill report"; (of course, the comments of dispraise against your name).